SOFTWARE
El software de PC es el conjunto de programas y aplicaciones que se ejecutan en un ordenador y que le permiten realizar diversas funciones. Se puede clasificar en diferentes tipos según su propósito y su relación con el hardware:
- Software de sistema: Son los programas que dan al usuario la capacidad de relacionarse con el sistema, para ejercer control sobre el hardware. El software de sistema también se ofrece como soporte para otros programas.
-Algunos ejemplos son el sistema operativo, que gestiona los recursos del ordenador y proporciona una interfaz gráfica al usuario, el controlador de dispositivo, que facilita la comunicación entre el hardware y el software, y el compilador, que traduce un código fuente escrito en un lenguaje de programación a un código ejecutable por la máquina. - Software de aplicación: Son los programas que permiten al usuario realizar tareas específicas con el ordenador, ya sean personales, profesionales o recreativas. El software de aplicación se puede instalar desde un medio físico o descargar desde Internet.
-Algunos ejemplos son el procesador de textos, que permite crear y editar documentos escritos, la hoja de cálculo, que permite realizar operaciones matemáticas con datos numéricos, y el navegador web, que permite acceder a páginas web e información online. - Software de desarrollo: Son los programas que permiten al usuario crear otros programas o aplicaciones informáticas. El software de desarrollo incluye herramientas para diseñar, codificar, depurar y probarlo.
-Algunos ejemplos son el editor de texto, que permite escribir código fuente en un lenguaje de programación, el entorno de desarrollo integrado o IDE, que ofrece varias funciones para facilitar la programación, y el depurador, que permite detectar y corregir errores en el código.
Existen muchos tipos de software para PC según las necesidades y preferencias del usuario. Algunos son muy populares y conocidos como Microsoft Word, mientras que otros son más nuevos o menos difundidos como Kdan PDF Reader. Lo importante es elegir el software adecuado para cada tarea y mantenerlo actualizado para aprovechar sus ventajas.
HISTORIA DEL SOFTWARE
El primer software de la historia se considera que fue el primer programa que se ejecutó en una máquina llamada Baby en la Universidad de Manchester el 21 de junio de 1948. El programa fue diseñado por el matemático y científico Tom Kilburn y consistía en una serie de instrucciones para calcular el factor más alto de un número.
Sin embargo, antes de que existieran las computadoras electrónicas, hubo otros intentos de crear software para máquinas mecánicas o analógicas. Uno de los más famosos fue el de la matemática e hija del poeta Lord Byron, Ada Lovelace, quien en 1843 escribió una serie de notas sobre la máquina analítica de Charles Babbage, un proyecto nunca terminado de un ordenador mecánico (el cual vimos en este post).
PIONEROS
Los primeros desarrolladores de software fueron aquellos que crearon los primeros programas para las primeras máquinas computacionales. Entre ellos además de Ada, la primera mujer programadora de la historia se destaca Alan Turing, que en 1936 propuso la idea de una máquina universal capaz de ejecutar cualquier programa. (Ver Historia de las computadoras)
Otros desarrolladores pioneros fueron los que trabajaron en el proyecto ENIAC, la primera computadora electrónica general propósito. Se construyó entre 1943 y 1946 en Estados Unidos. Entre ellos se encontraban John von Neumann, John Mauchly, Presper Eckert y seis mujeres programadoras conocidas como las “ENIAC girls”: Betty Holberton, Jean Bartik, Kathleen McNulty, Marlyn Wescoff, Ruth Lichterman y Frances Bilas.
También se puede mencionar a los desarrolladores de software que participaron en el programa espacial Apolo, que llevó al hombre a la Luna en 1969. Entre ellos se destacan Margaret Hamilton, quien acuñó el término “ingeniería de software”. Margaret dirigió el equipo que creó el software de navegación para las misiones Apolo; y Don Eyles, quien diseñó el software para el módulo lunar.
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